Weathered by Miracles: A History of Palestine from Bonaparte and Muhammad Ali to Ben-Gurion and the Mufti

In a sense, Napoleon could be blamed for this mess. Though his bid for control of the region was thwarted at the Palestinian town of Acre in 1799, his attempt opened a channel between the East and West that had been largely cut off since the Crusades of the 12th and 13th centuries. The British came to the aid of the Ottomans to halt Napoleon, and in doing so, entrenched themselves in Palestine, a move that would have long reaching political and nationalistic consequences.

A second invasion of Palestine, this time successful, further cemented a connection with the West. In 1831, Egyptian viceroy Muhammad Ali conquered Palestine, drawing Russia, Britain, and France into a delicate power play with the eroding Ottoman Empire. He also encouraged foreign investment to raise needed revenue, and he drastically altered the culture by granting Christians, Jews, and other non-Muslims the same protections under the law. Though Ali was soon driven out, his policies remained, and the creation of a British vice-consulate in Jerusalem in 1838 (followed soon after by consulates from other nations) signaled the beginning of substantial Western political influence within Palestine, a shift that would manifest itself most vividly in coming decades when Britain began to encourage a Jewish national homeland in Palestine, and Zionism took firm root. As a result, Palestinians and neighboring Arabs began to view the West with suspicion and hatred--sentiments that were soon transferred to the incoming Jews.

The history of Palestine is a complicated mix of nationalistic, religious, and political aspirations by numerous competing factions, and Idinopulos chronicles this explosive period with admirable clarity and a colorful eye for detail. "Its smallness mocks the enormity of the ambitions that collided there," he writes. If both sides are ever able to make peace, it would be a miracle indeed. --Shawn Carkonen